The United States and China no longer consider artificial intelligence solely as a high-value-added economic sector, but as a matter of national sovereignty, industrial competitiveness, security, and geopolitical leadership. The race for the dominance of algorithms increasingly resembles the great technological competitions of the 20th century

political concept known as “neo-Luddism,” which is used today to describe critical attitudes toward digital technologies and the logics that sustain them. Concerns focus on algorithmic surveillance, mass collection of personal data, automation of cognitive labor, and the dehumanization of social processes mediated by AI.