The progress of companies like DeepSeek illustrates how China already acts as a direct competitor and, in some aspects, a disruptive force in the development of advanced models. By launching systems with performance comparable to Western leaders but at significantly lower costs, the company challenges one of the United States’ main structural advantages: the ability to mobilize large volumes of capital and infrastructure for innovation

political concept known as “neo-Luddism,” which is used today to describe critical attitudes toward digital technologies and the logics that sustain them. Concerns focus on algorithmic surveillance, mass collection of personal data, automation of cognitive labor, and the dehumanization of social processes mediated by AI.