In recent years, since Vladimir Putin came to power in Russia, the distribution and control over energy flows have been used as powerful tools of foreign policy by the Kremlin. Through their use, Russia has become a key trading partner for the European Union, which, until the beginning of the Russo-Ukrainian conflict in 2022, was the main destination for exports of commodities such as natural gas and oil from Russia.

Recent elections in Hungary mark a significant turning point in the contemporary European political landscape. For more than a decade, Viktor Orbán consolidated a model of governance often classified in International Relations literature as an “illiberal democracy,” characterized by the centralization of power, institutional control, and recurring tensions with the normative values of the European Union (EU)

The escalation in the Middle East reveals not only a regional conflict, but a structural crisis of the international system, marked by internal fractures in the United States, strategic divergences in Europe, economic contradictions, and the weakening of International Law, demonstrating that power and interests prevail over norms and traditional alliances.

The war in the Middle East is occurring at a decisive moment, when the European Union faces growing internal criticism of its climate policies. This is reflected in calls from national governments and industry leaders to increase pressure on Europe’s emissions trading system, or even to reduce carbon emission targets for new vehicles. Thus, the rise in oil and gas prices since the beginning of the war against Iran on February 28, 2026 represents a significant risk to the prog

The escalation of tensions in the Middle East has once again brought to light a reality that is often overlooked in simplified narratives about international politics: the global system functions less like a tribunal and more like a permanent arena of competition among interests, capabilities, and the structural limits of power. The recent increase in the intensity of the conflict in the region already involves, directly or indirectly, more than eleven countries, transforming