Recent elections in Hungary mark a significant turning point in the contemporary European political landscape. For more than a decade, Viktor Orbán consolidated a model of governance often classified in International Relations literature as an “illiberal democracy,” characterized by the centralization of power, institutional control, and recurring tensions with the normative values of the European Union (EU)

According to power transition theory, when a rising power approaches the level of a dominant power, rivalry and instability tend to increase (Organski, 1958). In turn, offensive realism argues that states seek to maximize their relative power as a way to ensure their survival in an anarchic international system (Mearsheimer, 2001).

The death of Saif al-Islam Gaddafi has reignited debate about Libya’s political future and the possible end of the Gaddafi dynasty. For years, he was regarded as his father’s natural successor and the reformist face of the regime, playing a significant role in Libya’s rapprochement with the West (Vandewalle, 2012:12). After the 2011 uprising, the country plunged into a profound institutional crisis, marked by rival governments, armed militias, and territorial fragmentation (W