For decades, the two countries were perceived as complementary pillars of the pro-Western Sunni bloc in the Gulf. However, in recent years this relationship has gradually evolved from a strategic alliance into a discreet but growing geopolitical competition centered on the control of trade routes, strategic ports, and zones of political influence in the Middle East and the Horn of Africa.

For several decades, the global development imaginary has been consolidated into a rigid dichotomy: Asia as the engine of world growth and Africa as a marginal continent within the international economic system. This narrative, widely reproduced in political, media, and academic discourse, fails to capture the complexity and heterogeneity of African trajectories.

The death of Saif al-Islam Gaddafi has reignited debate about Libya’s political future and the possible end of the Gaddafi dynasty. For years, he was regarded as his father’s natural successor and the reformist face of the regime, playing a significant role in Libya’s rapprochement with the West (Vandewalle, 2012:12). After the 2011 uprising, the country plunged into a profound institutional crisis, marked by rival governments, armed militias, and territorial fragmentation (W

esde que o presidente Trump retornou à Casa Branca em janeiro de 2025, a ênfase nos minerais críticos como ponto de pressão de segurança nacional cresceu exponencialmente. Houve várias iniciativas da Casa Branca e legislativas destinadas a fortalecer a segurança econômica e nacional dos EUA nessa área – animadas pelos lemas de desregulamentação, investimento e financiamento.

When examining the development of Syria’s oil industry, it is essential to consider geopolitical factors, particularly given the country’s strategic location between the vast oil fields of Iraq and the Gulf countries. This geographical positioning grants Syria a potentially central role in the construction of transnational pipelines capable of transporting hydrocarbons to the eastern coast of the Mediterranean Sea

United States and Venezuela: Another Example of a Geopolitical Dispute over Resources, Sovereignty, and International Influence

The mismatch between the idea of an energy transition and outdated infrastructure, unequal investment, and strong dependence on fossil fuels constitute major barriers to achieving a sustainable global energy system in the short term. Below, we highlight some of the key limitations to sustainability.